Alanine-scanning mutagenesis further revealed that residues 89E, 90S, 91G, 92V and 94G were the core sites involved in antibody recognition. These findings may facilitate further understanding the function of the VP2 protein and development of diagnostic tools.A new type of double-network hydrogel, cross-linked with microcrystalline cellulose grafted with ε-polylysine (MCC-PL) and N,N-methylene bisacrylamide/acrylic acid, was synthesised to efficiently inhibit bacterial proliferation and remove heavy metals. The physicochemical properties of the MCC-PL hydrogel (MCC-PLH) were characterised using scanning electronic microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, and differential thermogravimetric analysis. The adsorption results showed that the optimal adsorption conditions were temperature of 313 K at pH of 5 and 6 of Pb2+ and Cu2+, respectively. The adsorption mechanism of MCC-PLH5 was successfully determined using Freundlich isotherm, pseudo-second kinetics, and intra-particle diffusion model, in conjunction with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Adsorption thermodynamic studies indicated that the process was spontaneous and endothermic. Antibacterial experiments showed that PL-grafted MCC hydrogel exhibited more efficient and durable antibacterial activity than MCC, indicating its potential for water decontamination.With the development of modern industry, heavy metal pollution is one of the most important environmental issues. Due to its simplicity and low-cost, adsorption is considered as a green and environmental friendly method to remove heavy metals from industrial effluents. Sodium alginate is a natural polysaccharide, which consists of abundant hydroxyl and carboxyl groups, has been widely reported as the raw material for the adsorption of heavy metals from aqueous solutions. By surface grafting and cross-linking, adsorbents synthesized from sodium alginate have exhibited large uptake capacities as well as high removal rates for heavy metal ions. However, the poor physical strength and plain thermostability have significantly limited the utilization of sodium alginate based materials in industrial applications. Moreover, reductions of specific metal ions were observed in some studies, of which the reduction mechanism is not clearly clarified. In this work, the development of sodium alginate based adsorbents was summarized, including the physicochemical properties of the polymer, the modification of sodium alginate, sodium alginate based composite materials, and the adsorption behaviors as well as the mechanism. Chelation, electrostatic interaction, ion exchange, reduction and photocatalytic reduction were involved in the adsorption process, which can be determined by chemical characterization with further elucidation by density functional theory calculation. Finally, the limitations of sodium alginate based adsorbents were revealed with suggestions for future research.Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was immobilized onto a functionalized reduced graphene oxide-SiO2 through the covalent bonding process. By using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), the formed nanocomposites were characterized. The kinetic parameters including the catalytic constant, kcat, and the catalytic efficiency, kcat/Km, increased 5.5 and 6 times, respectively, after immobilization. The circular dichroism analysis demonstrated that the α-helical content increased from 39% to 46% after immobilization. The immobilization improved the reusability of HRP as 70% of initial activity retained after 10 cycles. Due to the buffering effect, the immobilized HRP was less sensitive to pH changes as compared to the free HRP. At temperature 40 °C and during 90 min, the immobilized HRP retained 90% of the initial activity while 70% of initial activity remained for the free HRP. After 35-day storage, no reduction in the activity was observed for the immobilized HRP. The removal efficiency for phenol concentration (2500 mg/L) obtained 100% and 50% for the immobilized and free HRP, respectively. The results showed that the immobilized HRP promoted the dyes decolorization from 2-fold until 26-fold as compared to the free HRP. The decolorization efficiencies reached 100% for most dyes in the case of immobilized HRP.The antioxidant activity of Spirulina platensis polysaccharide (SPP) was investigated in Caenorhabditis elegans. Nuclear magnetic resonance, Fourier-transform infrared, multi-angle laser light scattering, and GC-MS were used to identify the structural characteristics of SPP. It was composed of the →2)-α-L-Rhap-(1→, →4)-β-D-Manp-(1→, →6)-β-D-Glcp-(1→, →4)-β-Xylp-(1→, →3)-β-L-Araf-(1→, and →2)-β-L-Fucp-(1→, respectively. The modulation of gut microbiota in C. elegans was determined using 16S rRNA gene high-throughput sequencing. The malondialdehyde (MDA) content was significantly decreased, while the total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were improved after SPP supplementation. The cellular mitochondrial content and apoptosis were significantly down-regulated. The obvious increased levels of the DAF-16 and SKN-1 mRNAs were observed in the SPP-treated group, while the levels of miR-48 and miR-51 were significantly reduced. Moreover, SPP administration significantly increased the abundance of Flavobacterium, Achromobacter, Empedobacter, Anaerolinea, and Pseudoalteromonas of the intestinal flora. Based on these results, S. platensis polysaccharides may be used as a functional food to ameliorate diseases related to oxidative stress.One of the major public health issues is the rising prevalence of cataracts, a primary reason for preventable blindness. The causes for the development of age-related cataracts and accelerated cataractogenesis in diabetes are multifactorial. Hence, this study was designed to examine the status and relationship between the three majorly associated molecular events, namely, oxidative stress, non-enzymatic glycation, and polyol pathway in age-related cataracts with and without diabetes. A total of 472 subjects were distributed into four groups non-diabetic subjects with clear lens (135), diabetic subjects with clear lens (40), non-diabetic subjects with cataract (174), and diabetic subjects with cataract (123). Cataracts were graded by slit-lamp examination according to the Lens Opacities Classification System III. Age at onset of cataract, type of opacity, anthropometric measurements, and sociodemographic characteristics were recorded, and clinical profile was examined. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/wm-1119.html Plasma oxidative stress markers were assessed by estimating the lipid peroxidation end product malondialdehyde, protein oxidation products protein carbonyls, and DNA oxidative damage marker 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine.